River Ganga, one of the largest perennial rivers, conserves the cultural heritage of the Indian sub-continent, supporting as the nectar of life to millions residing on the banks of the river basin. Finally, there is a discussion of the genetic and molecular basis of metal tolerance in microbes, with special reference to the genomics of heavy metal accumulator plants and the identification of functional genes involved in tolerance and detoxification.
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An assessment of the current status of technology deployment and suggestions for future bioremediation research has also been included. Also, advances in bioremediation technologies and strategies to explore these immense and valuable biological resources for bioremediation are discussed. In view of this, the present review investigates the abilities of microorganisms and plants in terms of tolerance and degradation of heavy metals. The role of microorganisms and plants in biotransformation of heavy metals into nontoxic forms is well-documented, and understanding the molecular mechanism of metal accumulation has numerous biotechnological implications for bioremediation of OPEN ACCESS Sustainability 2015, 7 2190 metal-contaminated sites. Prolonged exposure and higher accumulation of such heavy metals can have deleterious health effects on human life and aquatic biota.
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into natural resources like the soil and aquatic environments. This results in excess release of heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc etc. Heavy metals are natural constituents of the environment, but indiscriminate use for human purposes has altered their geochemical cycles and biochemical balance.